PAPERS
"Derivative Word (Adjective and Adverb)”
Proposed To Fulfill The Task Group Structure One Subject, And As A Discussion
Compiled By The Group IV
TBI D
Hafid 112301151
Neng Hartika 112301153
Nasron 112301158
Neng Hartika 112301153
Nasron 112301158
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM NEGERI
SULTAN MAULANA HASANUDIN BANTEN
2011
CONTENT
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II CONTEN
1. THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVE THROUGH DERIVATION
A. Adjective and Vocabulary building (affixes)
1. Prefixes to create ADJECTIVE
2. Suffixes to Create ADJECTIVES
B. The Formation of English Adjective
1. The formation of English adjective with the suffix –able.
2. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – al.
3. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ant/-ent.
4. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ar.
5. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ary.
6. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ed.
7. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – en.
8. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ful.
9. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ic.
10. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ing.
11. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ive.
12. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ish.
13. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – less.
14. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – like.
15. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ly.
16. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ous.
17. The formation of English adjective with the prefix – un.
18. The formation of English adjective with the suffix –y.
19. The formation of English adjective with the suffix –an.
2. THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH ADVERB THROUGH DERIVATION
A. Vocabulary building (affixes and roots)
B. English Prefixes and Suffixes
1. Prefixes to create ADVERB
2. Suffixes to Create ADVERB
C. The Formation of English Adverb
1. The formation of English adverb with the prefix a-.
2. The formation of English adverb with the suffix -ly.
3. The formation of English adverb with the prefix -ly.
4. The formation of English adverb with the suffix -ward (s).
5. The formation of English adverb with the suffix -wise.
CHAPTER II CLOSSING
CONCLUSION
bibliography
1. THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVE THROUGH DERIVATION
A. Adjective and Vocabulary building (affixes)
In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun’s referent. Adding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base, whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base. Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word. Below are the prefixes and suffixes to create Adjective :
1. Prefixes to create ADJECTIVE
Prefixes | Meaning | Examples |
a-, an- | not, without | apolitical (adjective) : without interest in politics |
ab- | away from, off | abnormal (adjective): not normal |
dia- | through, across (melalui, di) | diagonal (adjective): passing through two non-adjacent corners |
hetero- | Different (beda) | heterosexual (adjective): attracted to someone of the opposite sex (tertarik pada seseorang dari lawan jenis) |
homo- | same | homogeneous (adjective): having a uniform structure of composition (memiliki struktur yang seragam komposisi) |
hydr-, hydro- | water | hydroelectric (adjective): producing electricity using waterpower |
inter- | between, among | international (adjective): between nations |
mono - | one | monolingual (adjective): using or knowing only one language |
omni- | all, universally | omnivorous (adjective): eats both plants and animals |
Semi- | half | semiannual (adjective): occurring twice a year |
un- | not, against, opposite | unceasing (adjective): never ending, continuous |
2. Suffixes to Create ADJECTIVES
Suffixes | Meanings | Example |
-able, -ible | worth, ability | solvable: able to be solved or explained |
-al, -ial, -ical | quality, relation | structural: related to the physical make up of a thing territorial: related to nearby or local areas categorical: related to a category, absolute |
-ant, -ent, -ient | indicating, being | important: indicating value or worth dependent: relying upon something else |
-ate | kind of state | inviolate: not disturbed, pure |
-en | material | silken: made from silk, a fiber produced by worms |
-er | Comparative (Perbandingan) | brighter: more light |
-est | Superlative (puncak) | strongest: having the most strength |
-ile | having the qualities of | projectile: something thrown with an outside force |
-ing | activity | cohering: the act of sticking together |
-ish | having the character of, about, almost | newish: modern, recent |
-less | without, missing | penniless: a person without any money |
-ous, -eous, -ose, -ious | having the quality of, relating to | adventurous: characterized by the desire to seek adventures courageous: characterized by courage, brave verbose: having more words than needed |
-y | marked by, having | hungry: having hunger, marked by a desire |
B. The Formation of English Adjective
The formation of English verb including with the suffixes –able, -al, -ant/-ent, -ar. –ary, -ed, -en, -ful, -ic, -ing ,-ive, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -un, -y, -an, -ese.
1. The formation of English adjective with the suffix –able.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –able :
- [accept]V – [accout]V – [adapt]V – [dispose]V
- [adjust]V – [allow]V – [attain]V – [remark]V
- [change]V – [define]V – [desire]V
[acceptable] [adjustable] [changeable] [accoutable] [allowable] [defineable] [adaptable] [attainable] [desireable] [remarkable] [disposeable]
2. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – al.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –al to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “related to X” listed as follows :
- [accident]N – [addition]N – [coast]N
- – [department]N – [development]N
- [region]N – [supplement]N – [digit]N
[accidental] [dental] [regional] [additional] [departmental] [coastal] [supplemental] [digital] [developmental]
3. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ant/-ent.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ant/-ent to the base consisting of verbs with the meaning “have the quality or characteristic of X” listed as follows:
- [absorb]V – [acquiesce]V – [cohere]V – [differ]V
- [diverge]V – [exist]V – [expect]V
- [ignore]V – [please]V – [revere]V
[abbsorbent] [acquiescent] [coherent] [divergent] [existent] [expectent]
4. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ar.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ar to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “having to do with X” listed as follows:
- [angle]N – [circle]N – [consul]N
- [globe]N – [muscle]N – [spectacle]N
*[#[angle]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
All above underlying representations are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain phonological processes :
- Angle, Circle, Consul. Must go through two phonological processes, that is, strengthening in which the vowel phoneme /ə/ in the last syllable changes to the vowel phoneme /u/ when the suffix –ar is added to the base.The process derivation can be shown in the following :
UR : *[#[angle/æŋgəl]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə/ /u/ : [#[/æŋgul/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
Output : [angular / æŋgjulə/]
UR : *[#[circle/sə;kəl]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə/ /u/ : [#[/səkul/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
Output : [circular / sə:kjulə/]
UR : *[#[consul/konsəl]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə/ /u/ : [#[/konsul/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
Output : [consular / konsjulə/]
- Globe. Must go through three phonological processes, namely, vowel reduction in which the diphthong /ou/ changes to the vowel phoneme /o/; vowel insertion in which the vowel phoneme /u/ is inserted at the end of the base; and consonant insertion in which the liquid consonant phoneme /l/ is inserted at the end of the base after the vowel phoneme /u/ when the suffix –ar is added to the base.The process derivation can be shown in the following :
UR : *[#[globe/gloub:/N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ou/ /o/ : *[#[glob/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR insertion of /u/ : [#[globu/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR insertion of /l/ : [#[globul/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
Output : [globular / globjulə/]
- Muscle. Must go through two phonological process, namely, consoanant insertin in which the stop consonan phoneme /k/ is inserted in the second syllable; and strengthening in which the vowel phoneme /ə/ in the last syllable changes to the vowel phoneme /u/ when the suffix –ar is added to the base. The process derivation can be shown in the following :
UR : *[#[muscle/mΛsəl/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR insertion of /k/ : *[#[/mΛskəl/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə / /u/ : [#[/mΛskul/]v + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
Output : [mascular / mΛskjulə/]
- Spectacle. Must go through two phonological processes, namely, strengthening in which the vowel phoneme /ə/ in the second syllable changes to vowel phoneme /æ/; and another strengthening in which the vowel phoneme /ə/ in the last syllable changes to the vowel phoneme /u/ when the suffix –ar added to the base.The process derivation can be shown in the following :
UR : *[#[spectacle/spektəkəl/]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə/ /æ/ : *[#[/spektækəl /]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə/ /u/ : [#[/spektækul /]N + [-ar]Suf#]Adj
Output : [spectacular / spektækjulə/]
5. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ary.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ary to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “of or related to X” listed as follows :
- [complement]N – [element]N – [fragment]N
- [legend]N – [rudiment]N – [supplement]N
[complementary] [elementary] [legendary] [rudimentary] [supplementary] [fragment]
6. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ed.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ed to the base consisting of verbs with the meaning “having the quality or condition as stated by X” listed as follows :
- [affect]V – [interes]V – [learn]V
- [point]V – [tire]V – [wretch]V
[affected] [interested] [learned] [pointed] [tired] [wretched]
7. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – en.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –en to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “made or related to X” listed as follows :
- [gold]N – [silk]N – [wood]N – [wool]N
[golden] [silken] [wooden] [woolen]
8. . The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ful.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ful to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “full of X” listed as follows :
- [care]N – [cheer]N – [faith]N
- [fear]N – [grace]N – [mercy]N
- [pain]N – [power]N – [use]N
[careful] [cheerful] [faithful] [powerful]
[fearful] [painful] [useful] [graceful]
9. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ic.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ic to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “the quality or characteristic related to X” listed as follows:
- [democrat]N – [economy]N – [hero]N
- [artist]N – [diplomat]N – [fatalist]N
- [atom]N – [hedonist]N
[artistic] [atomic] [democratic] [diplomatic] [fatalistic] [hedonistic] [heroic]
10. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ing.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ing to the base consisting of verbs with the meaning “of or related to X” listed as follows :
- [appeal]V – [cook]V – [miss]V
- [bind]V – [interest]V – [sleep]V
- [burn]V – [live]V – [stimulate]V
[appealing] [binding] [burning] [cooking]
[nteresting] [living] [missing] [stimulating]
11. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ive.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ive to the base consisting of verbs with the meaning “having the quality of X” listed as follows:
- [assert]V – [conclude]V – [conserve]V [induct]V
- [create]V – [deduct]V – [exclude]V
When (AdjFR-11) is applied, the following underlying representations can be generated :
[#[assert]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
Two of the above underlying representations are phonologically unacceptable, ant others are already acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as follows :
- Conserve. Must go through one readjustment processes, that is, allomorphy process in which the formative /at/ is inserted at the end of the base when the suffix –ive is added to the base.The process derivation can be shown in the following :
UR : *[#[conserve]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
PR insertion of at : [#[/conserve+at/]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
Output : [conservative / konsə:vətiv/]
- Conclude, include. Must go through phonological process, that is, assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /d/ at the end of the base changes to the fricative consonant phoneme /s/ when the suffix –ive is added to the base. The process of derivation can be shown in the following :
UR : *[#[conclude/kənkludl]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
PR /d/ /s/ : [#[/kənklu:s/]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
Output : [conclusive / kənklu:siv/]
UR : *[#[include/inklu:d]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
PR /ə/ /u/ : [#[/inklu:s/]V + [-ive]Suf#]Adj
Output : [inclusive / inklu:siv/]
12. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ish.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ish to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “having the characteristic of an X” listed as follows :
- [bear]N – [clown]N – [freak]N
- [boy]N – [colt]N – [girl]N
- [child]N – [fool]N
[bearish] [childish] [coltish] [girlish] [boyish] [clownish] [foolish]
13. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – less.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –less to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “having no X” listed as follows :
- [aim]N – [fait]N – [mercy]N [use]N
- [care]N – [fear]N – [pain]N
- [cheer]N – [home]N – [power]N
[aimless] [cheerless] [earless] [painess] [merciless]
[careless] [faitless] [homeless] [powerless] [useless]
14. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – like.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –like to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “looking like an X” listed as follows :
- [business]N – [death]N – [lady]N
- [child]N – [life]N – [war]N
[businesslike] [deathlike] [ladylike]
[childlike] [lifelike] [warlike]
15. The formation of English adjective with the suffix – ly.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the suffix –ly to the base consisting of nouns with the meaning “of or like an X, acting or ready to act as an X, of or from or like X, suitable for an X, having the strong qualities expected of an X, occurring at just the right X” listed as follows :
- [brother]N – [friend]N – [king]N
- [death]N – [ghost]N – [man]N
- [father]N – [heaven]N – [time]N
When (AdjFR-15) is applied, the following underlying representations can be generated :
[brotherly] [fatherly] [ghostly] [kingly] [deathly] [friendly] [heavenly] [manly]
16. The formation of English adjective with the prefix – un.
The rule state that English Adjective can be formed by adding the prefix –un to the base consisting of adjectives with the meaning “not X” listed as follows :
- [able]Adj – [acceptable]Adj – [bearable]Adj
- [easy]Adj – [happy]adj – [important]adj
- [kind]Adj – [tidy]Adj
[unable] [unacceptable] [unbearable] [uneasy]
[unlucky] [unkind] [unhappy]
2. THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH ADVERB THROUGH DERIVATIO
A. Vocabulary building (affixes and roots)
Adding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base, whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base. Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word. Below are the prefixes and suffixes to create Adjective :
B. English Prefixes and Suffixes
1. Prefixes to create ADVERB
Prefixes | Meaning | Examples |
a-, as-, | to, toward, near, adjacent to | aside (adverb): to or toward the side |
in-, | in, into | instead (adverb): in place of, an alternative |
2. Suffixes to Create ADVERB
Suffixes | Meanings | Examples |
-fold | In a manner of, marked by | Fourfold :being four times as great |
-ly | In a manner of | Fluently : marked by ease of movement , effortlessly smooth |
-ward(s) | In a direction or manner | Homeward : toward home |
-wise | In the manner of, with regard to | Timewise : with regard to time |
C. The Formation of English Adverb
The formation of English verb including with the prefix a-, and with suffix -ly, -ly, -ward (s), -wise.
1. The formation of English adverb with the prefix a-.
The rule state that English verb can be formed by adding the prefix a- to the base consisting of nouns or adjective with the meaning “in bed, on (to) or in (to) a ship, on a level, side by side, in front, in advance, in or to another country overseas, onward movement, on or on to, the shore, on or to one side, to or at one distance” as listed in the dictionary:
- [bed]N – [board]N – [breast]N
- [broad]Adj – [head]N – [long]Adj
- [round]Adj – [shore]N – [side]N
- [way]N
By the applying (AdvFR-1), the follow underlying representations can be generated :
[#[a-]Pref + [bed]N#]Adv
All of the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as follow :
[abed [aboard] [abreast] [ahead] [along] [away]
2. The formation of English adverb with the suffix -ly.
The rule state that English verb can be formed by adding the prefix -ly to the base consisting of nouns or adjective with the meaning “in an X manner” as listed in the dictionary:
- [apparent] Adj [bad] Adj [careful] Adj [decisive] Adj [effective] Adj
- [fluent] Adj [happy] Adj [normal] Adj [obvious] Adj [precise] Adj
- [Reluctant] Adj [serious] Adj [useful] Adj [various] Adj
By the applying (AdvFR-2), the follow underlying representations can be generated :
[#[apparent]Adj + [-ly]Suf#]Adv
All of the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as follow :
- [apparently] [badly] [carefully] [decisively] [effectively]
- [fluently] [happily] [normally] [obviously] [precisely]
3. The formation of English adverb with the prefix -ly.
The rule state that English verb can be formed by adding the suffix -ly to the base consisting of nouns or adjective with the meaning “every X” as listed in the dictionary:
- [day] N [hour] N [month] N [week] N [year] N
By the applying (AdvFR-3), the follow underlying representations can be generated :
[#[day]N + [-ly]Suf#]Adv
All of the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as follow :
[daily] [hourly] [monthly] [weekly] [yearly]
4. The formation of English adverb with the suffix -ward (s).
The rule state that English verb can be formed by adding the suffix –ward (s) to the base consisting of nouns or adjective with the meaning “later, towards the X, situated within;turned towards the inside, towards the outside” as listed in the dictionary:
- [after] Prep [back] N [east] N [home] N [in] Prep
- [rear]N [sea] N [sky] N [south] N [west] N
[afterwards] [backward(s)] [eastward(s)] [homewards] [inward(s)] [rearwards] [skyward(s)] [westward(s)]
5. The formation of English adverb with the suffix -wise.
The rule state that English verb can be formed by adding the suffix -wise to the base consisting of nouns or adjective with the meaning “moving in the direction opposite to that taken by the hands of a clock, in a contrary manner;in the opposite way, in the direction of the length;longitudinal direction, in like manner” as listed in the dictionary:
- [clock] N [contrary] Adj [length] N [like] Adj
By the applying (AdvFR-5), the follow underlying representations can be generated :
[#[clock]N + [-wise]Suf#]Adv
All of the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as follow :
[clockwise] [contrarywise] [lengthwise] [likewise]
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